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One of the conditions whose prevalence has been increasing in recent years, bringing both physiological and aesthetic concerns, is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This condition affects approximately 5–10% of women of reproductive age and can lead to infertility by causing ovulation disorders [1].
“ ”PCOS is a manageable hormonal disorder when treated appropriately. With early diagnosis, lifestyle changes, and personalized treatment, symptoms can be controlled and fertility can be supported.
What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common hormonal disorders in women and is characterized by the presence of multiple small, benign cyst-like structures in the ovaries. Although the term “cyst” is used, these are not true cysts but rather immature follicles, which disrupt ovulation and lead to irregular and often painful menstrual cycles [1].
PCOS is also associated with various other health conditions and is influenced significantly by genetic factors. It is estimated that 70–80% of anovulatory infertility cases are caused by PCOS [1].
What Causes PCOS?
Although the exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, several contributing factors are known [2]:
- Genetic factors: The risk is higher if there is a family history of PCOS.
- Insulin resistance: Excess weight increases insulin levels, which in turn raises androgen production and worsens PCOS.
- Hormonal imbalance: Disruptions in sex hormone levels can impair ovulation.
What Are the Symptoms of PCOS?
Symptoms may vary between individuals, but the most common include [1, 2]:
- Irregular or absent menstruation
- Prolonged intervals between periods
- Excess body hair (hirsutism)
- Weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation
- Infertility and recurrent miscarriages
- Increased acne on the face, chest, and back
- Male-pattern hair loss
- High blood pressure
- Snoring and sleep apnea
- Endometrial thickening and increased long-term risk of uterine cancer
For more information about fertility in PCOS, you can visit our page can individuals with PCOS have children?.
How Is PCOS Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on the Rotterdam criteria, which require at least two of the following three findings [1]:
- Oligo-ovulation or anovulation
- Clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism
- Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
Hormonal tests (FSH, LH, androgens, insulin, thyroid) are also performed to support the diagnosis.
How Is PCOS Treated?
Treatment is individualized and follows international guidelines [2]:
- Lifestyle changes: Weight loss and exercise as first-line treatment
- Medication: Hormonal therapy, antiandrogens, and metformin
- Ovulation induction: Letrozole as first-line option
- Surgical options: Ovarian drilling in resistant cases
For detailed information about infertility treatments, you can visit our page infertility treatment methods.